German University Grading System and Exam Retake Rules

German universities grade from 1.0 (best) to 5.0 (fail), and 4.0 is usually the lowest passing grade. There is no single national rule that gives everyone three attempts at an exam: the number of attempts, retake deadlines and the consequences of a final fail depend on state law, your university and your program's examination regulations (Prüfungsordnung). Your Prüfungsordnung and your Prüfungsamt have the final word.

Last updated: September 2026 · Exam rules vary by state, university, faculty and examination regulations. · = official rule (law or examination regulation), = practical advice · Examples checked across 10 German universities (September 2026); this is not a universal rule.

#How the German grading system works

If you come from a system where higher numbers are better, the German scale feels upside down: 1.0 is the top grade and 5.0 means failed.

Official rule: The HRK/KMK Diploma Supplement template describes a scale that usually has five levels: sehr gut (1), gut (2), befriedigend (3), ausreichend (4) and nicht ausreichend (5). Intermediate grades may be given, and the minimum passing grade is ausreichend (4) [2].

Two more layers sit on top:

• Intermediate steps such as 1.3 or 2.7 are not set nationally. Each university's examination regulations define them.
• Relative grades: Under the KMK's former structural guidelines (now superseded by the accreditation framework), a relative or ECTS grade is shown for the final grade in addition to the 1–5 grade [1].

Each exam gets its own grade. Module grades and your final grade are then calculated from those results, usually weighted by credits (ECTS).

#What 1.0 to 5.0 mean

Official rule: All 10 institutions we examined use the steps 1.0, 1.3, 1.7, 2.0, 2.3, 2.7, 3.0, 3.3, 3.7, 4.0 and 5.0. Several explicitly exclude 0.7, 4.3 and 4.7; TUM's general regulations (APSO) exclude only 0.7 and 5.3 [12].

These examples refer to specific programmes or examination regulations. Your own Prüfungsordnung may differ.

Regulations checked September 2026.

For averages (module and overall grades), typical bands, for example at TUM and Kiel, are: up to 1.5 sehr gut; 1.6–2.5 gut; 2.6–3.5 befriedigend; 3.6–4.0 ausreichend; above 4.0 nicht ausreichend.

Truncation, not rounding. Most institutions we examined keep only the first decimal of an average and cut off the rest (TUM, RWTH Aachen, TU Berlin, KIT, Frankfurt, Köln, TH Köln, FU Berlin). An average of 2.58 becomes 2.5, not 2.6. LMU and Universität Hamburg WiSo keep two decimals.

Converting foreign grades. For foreign school-leaving certificates, the KMK uses the "modified Bavarian formula": X = 1 + 3 × (Nmax − Nd) / (Nmax − Nmin), where Nmin is the lowest passing grade. The result is set to one decimal without rounding [3]. Universities often reuse this formula.

Practical advice: Our grade converter gives you an orientation value only. Grade converters are indicative. Your university or uni-assist may apply its own conversion rules.

#The passing grade

Official rule: In all the institutions we examined, you pass with 4.0 (ausreichend) or better, or with bestanden (passed) for ungraded work [2]. A 5.0 means nicht bestanden (not passed). Exceptions to watch:

• Sub-assessments: In RWTH Aachen's computer science program, every sub-assessment and every exam in a module must be at least 4.0 [14]. A strong exam grade does not rescue a failed component.
• Multiple choice: At FU Berlin, multiple-choice exams pass at 50 % of the points; a relative rule may lower this, but never below 40 % [21].
• Ungraded coursework: Studienleistungen (coursework requirements such as exercise sheets or lab work) are only bestanden or nicht bestanden.

Practical advice: Check the module description (Modulbeschreibung) to see whether each part of a module must be passed separately.

#The "three attempts" myth

You will often hear on campus and in forums that there is a universal three-attempt rule. As a general rule, it is false.

Official rule: Germany has no national law on the number of exam attempts. The states regulate higher education, and they leave much to university regulations:

• North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW): The Prüfungsordnung must regulate "the number and conditions for repeating exams"; the law sets no minimum [4].
• Hamburg: Exams during your studies can be repeated at least twice; the thesis once, a second time only in justified exceptional cases [5].
• Berlin: As implemented by universities such as TU Berlin, exams can in principle be repeated twice, plus one more attempt after compulsory subject counseling (Studienfachberatung) [15].
• Bavaria: Repeats should normally be possible within six months. Regulations may provide a free attempt, but not for the thesis. Missing deadlines for reasons you are responsible for means "taken and not passed" [6].

In the 10 institutions we examined, the range was wide:

• 2 attempts: KIT computer science; electives in Frankfurt's economics program [16] [18]
• 3 attempts: RWTH Aachen, Hamburg WiSo, Köln WiSo, TH Köln, FU Berlin BWL, Frankfurt compulsory modules [14] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]
• 4 attempts: TU Berlin, the fourth after counseling [15]
• Unlimited but time-limited: TUM and LMU [12] [13]
• Extra attempts on application: Köln and TH Köln [19] [20]

#Erstversuch, Zweitversuch, Drittversuch

• Erstversuch – the first attempt.
• Zweitversuch – the second attempt, i.e. the first repeat.
• Drittversuch – the third attempt, or second repeat. In many programs this is the last regular attempt.
• Wiederholungsprüfung – a repeat exam in general.

Count carefully: "two repeats" means three attempts in total, while KIT's "one repeat" means two [16].

Official rule: Orientation or foundation exams often allow only two attempts. At TUM and LMU, the orientation exams (Grundlagen- und Orientierungsprüfung, GOP) normally have two attempts, although normal module exams there have no fixed limit [12] [13]. KIT's exceptional second repeat is not available for orientation exams [16].

Practical advice: If your exam portal's attempt counter doesn't match your own count, ask the Prüfungsamt in writing before registering again.

#How a Wiederholungsprüfung works

Official rule: In many places you must register for each attempt. At TUM, every repeat needs a new registration and is normally taken within about six months, at the next exam date [12]. Frankfurt's economics faculty offers the first repeat at the end of the semester or the start of the next [18]; RWTH Aachen offers exams at least twice a year [14].

The format can change:

• At Frankfurt (economics), the examination board may decide that an oral exam replaces a written repeat [18].
• At KIT, a failed written repeat is automatically followed by an oral follow-up exam [16].
• At TU Berlin, the examiner may offer an oral re-examination [15].

Practical advice: Registration windows often close weeks before the exam. Put the next one in your calendar the day you get your grade.

#When you have to retake

In some programs, waiting too long means the exam counts as failed or you lose your right to be examined.

Official rule (examples):

• TUM: Unlimited attempts, but you must reach minimum credits by set semesters; missing them leads to final failure [12].
• LMU (computer science): Exams not passed by the end of the standard period of study plus two semesters count as finally failed [13].
• KIT (computer science): Repeat by the end of the exam period of the fourth semester after the first failure, or you lose the right to be examined [16].
• TH Köln: Apply for an additional attempt within one month of the result, or the exam counts as finally failed [20].
• Bavaria: Repeats normally possible within six months [6].
• Hamburg WiSo: The repeat "should" be at the next possible date [17].
• FU Berlin: At least one more repeat by the second following semester [21].

Practical advice: Postponing a repeat to "prepare better" can backfire under time limits. Check deadlines first.

#Retaking to improve a grade

Passed with 3.7 and want a better grade? Mostly not possible in the institutions we examined.

Official rule (examples):

• LMU (computer science): Yes, once, at the next regular date; the better result counts [13].
• TH Köln: Two of the four additional attempts may improve passed first attempts [20].
• TUM: Only if the program regulation allows it; computer science does not [12].
• RWTH, TU Berlin, KIT, Hamburg WiSo, Köln WiSo, FU Berlin BWL: no [14] [15] [16] [17] [19] [21]. Frankfurt's framework allows it, but the economics program doesn't use it [18].

Alternatives exist: RWTH bachelor's students finishing in the standard period may drop 5–30 credits of grades (computer science: up to 30) [14]; FU Berlin BWL students finishing in six semesters can turn up to two graded modules (max. 12 credits) into ungraded ones [21]; TU Berlin lets you replace failed electives [15].

#Freiversuch

A Freiversuch (free attempt) is a first attempt that doesn't count if you fail.

Official rule (examples):

• LMU (computer science): A first failed attempt within the standard period doesn't count; not for GOP exams or the thesis [13].
• RWTH Aachen: Bachelor's students can apply for up to three failed written exams from the first three semesters to count as not taken [14].
• TU Berlin: Bachelor's module exams first failed in the first semester count as not taken [15].
• Bavaria: Regulations may provide one, but not for the thesis [6].

TUM, KIT, Hamburg WiSo, Köln WiSo, TH Köln and FU Berlin BWL had none in the regulations we checked [12] [16] [17] [19] [20] [21].

Practical advice: Check the conditions: which semester, which exam type, and whether you must apply.

#Mündliche Ergänzungsprüfung

A mündliche Ergänzungsprüfung (oral supplementary exam) is a short oral exam after a failed written one. It can only lift you to a pass.

Official rule (examples):

• KIT (computer science): Takes place automatically after a failed written repeat; best grade 4.0 [16].
• RWTH Aachen: On application after failing the second repeat of a written exam; result 4.0 or 5.0 [14].
• TU Berlin: The examiner may offer an oral re-examination after any failed exam; pass = 4.0. Not a right [15].

We didn't find it at TUM, LMU, Hamburg WiSo, Köln WiSo, TH Köln or FU Berlin BWL.

#Different exam types

• Klausur – written exam
• Mündliche Prüfung – oral exam
• Hausarbeit / Seminararbeit – term or seminar paper
• Praktikum / Labor – lab work or practical training
• Projekt – project work, often in groups

Official rule: Ungraded coursework (Studienleistungen) can often be repeated without limit, for example at KIT, Frankfurt and Köln [16] [18] [19]. Graded exams (Prüfungsleistungen) count against your attempts, and a repeat may use a different format.

#Thesis repeat rights

Official rule (examples): In most institutions we examined, a failed thesis can be repeated once. TU Berlin allows two repeats [15]. Hamburg allows a second only in justified exceptional cases [5] [17]. RWTH requires you to register the repeat within three semesters [14]. At TUM and Frankfurt, the repeat uses a new topic [12] [18]. Köln WiSo grants no additional attempts for the thesis [19]; TH Köln allows one repeat of the thesis and one of the colloquium [20].

For the full process, see our bachelor's and master's thesis guide.

#What "endgültig nicht bestanden" means

Endgültig nicht bestanden means "finally failed": you have used up the attempts or time limits your Prüfungsordnung allows for a required exam.

Official rule: In a compulsory module, this usually means losing your right to be examined in that program. In an elective, you can often switch while options remain, for example at Hamburg WiSo, Frankfurt and in RWTH computer science [14] [17] [18]. At Frankfurt, a third finally failed elective ends the right to be examined [18].

You receive a written notice (Bescheid) with legal-remedy instructions (Rechtsbehelfsbelehrung), as at LMU [13]. At RWTH, Hamburg WiSo and Frankfurt, an objection (Widerspruch) is possible within one month [14] [17] [18].

Practical advice: Note the date you received the notice; objection deadlines run from then.

#Losing your Prüfungsanspruch

Your Prüfungsanspruch is your right to take exams in your program. Losing it means you can't finish that degree there, usually leads to exmatriculation, and may block the same or related programs elsewhere, depending on the state.

Official rule: At KIT, missing the repeat deadline alone costs you this right [16]; at TUM, missing credit thresholds does [12]. Hardship and extra-attempt rules are program-specific: TU Berlin's fourth attempt after counseling [15], Köln's additional attempts [19], TH Köln's four extra attempts on application [20], hardship decisions by the board chair at Hamburg WiSo [17], FU Berlin's withdrawal from a failed last attempt in exceptional circumstances (apply within three months) [21], and KIT's second repeat on exceptional application [16].

#Changing university

Final failure does not mean a Germany-wide ban on studying. It can, however, block the same program and sometimes related ones.

Official rule (examples):

• NRW: Enrollment is refused if you finally failed a required exam in the chosen program at a German university; related programs only if the exam regulations say so (erhebliche inhaltliche Nähe, considerable similarity in content) [4].
• Bavaria: Refusal after final failure unless you switch to a different program [6].
• Hamburg: Not the same program; another program only if the failed subjects are compulsory there too [5].
• Hesse: Enrollment may be refused for the same or a content-comparable program [7].
• KIT (Baden-Württemberg): Same or related program with essentially the same content [16].
• TU Berlin: Applicants declare they have not finally failed required exams in the chosen program (Germany/EU/EEA) [15].

LMU asks you to state enrollment obstacles unprompted [22]. FU Berlin requires an Unbedenklichkeitsbescheinigung (certificate that you haven't finally failed and still have the right to be examined) when you change university [23]. At Frankfurt's economics faculty, failed attempts at the same or a comparable exam at other German universities count [18].

Practical advice: Answer disclosure questions accurately. To compare options, browse universities and degree programs.

#Changing your subject

Switching subject is often possible, but not always.

Official rule: In Hamburg, the bar extends to another program if the failed subjects are compulsory there [5]. In NRW, related programs are affected only if the regulations say so [4]. Hesse may refuse content-comparable programs [7].

Practical advice: Choose a program where the failed module isn't compulsory. Changing institution type is another route; see Hochschule vs. Universität vs. FH.

#Exmatrikulation

Exmatrikulation is removal from the list of enrolled students.

Official rule: State laws use mandatory wording after final failure: NRW says a student "is to be exmatriculated" (ist zu exmatrikulieren) [4]; Bavaria [6] and Hamburg [5] are similar. But exmatriculation is carried out by a separate administrative decision (Bescheid) with legal-remedy instructions. You can challenge it by objection where the state provides for one, otherwise at the administrative court; in Bavaria, for exam decisions, you may choose either [6].

Timing varies: RWTH exmatriculates at the end of the semester in which the decision becomes final [14]; at TU Berlin it takes effect after two months at the earliest, postponed if you apply for another program [15].

Read our exmatriculation guide. Our generic objection letter template helps you structure a Widerspruch; it is not legal advice.

#What it means for your residence permit

For non-EU students with a study permit (§ 16b of the Residence Act, AufenthG):

Official rule:

• Failing an exam does not by itself end your permit. It matters when your progress makes finishing in a reasonable time doubtful, or after exmatriculation.
• Extension: Possible if the purpose of study is not yet achieved but can still be achieved within a reasonable time; the university may be consulted [8].
• Shortening is discretionary: If an essential condition ceases, the permit's validity can be shortened. It is a decision, not an automatic effect [9].
• Program change: Under the Federal Interior Ministry's application notes, changing program or place of study is possible. You must apply for a new residence permit and are entitled to it, if you can finish within a reasonable time (up to a total stay of 10 years) [10].
• Job search only after success: The post-study job-search permit (up to 18 months, § 20 AufenthG) requires successful completion [11].

Practical advice: Contact the immigration office (Ausländerbehörde) early and in writing, with a plan: a new program, vocational training (Ausbildung) or a job. See our guides on switching to a work permit and the job-seeker visa.

#Illness, medical certificates and withdrawal (Rücktritt)

Official rule (withdrawal without reasons, examples): RWTH up to three working days before [14]; TU Berlin three days [15]; Köln WiSo two weeks [19]; TH Köln one week [20]; KIT written exams until the day before, oral exams three working days before [16].

After that, withdrawal requires a good reason, reported without delay, usually with a medical certificate: at RWTH by the third working day [14], at TU Berlin within five days [15]. At LMU, a normal employer sick note (Arbeitsunfähigkeitsbescheinigung) is not enough [13]. Boards may require an official or trust-doctor certificate. A no-show without good reason is graded 5.0 / not passed in all institutions we examined.

Practical advice: Use your Prüfungsamt's own form where one exists. Our sick notice template helps you notify people in writing, but it is not a Prüfungsamt withdrawal form. For longer illness, see our Urlaubssemester guide and leave of absence application template.

#10 universities compared

These examples refer to specific programmes or examination regulations. Your own Prüfungsordnung may differ.

Regulations checked September 2026.

#Four student scenarios

#You failed a first attempt

• Document to check first: The repeat rules in your Prüfungsordnung and your portal's attempt counter.
• Question for the Prüfungsamt: "Does this attempt count, or does a Freiversuch apply? How do I register for the repeat?"
• Deadline: The next registration window and any repeat time limit (e.g. KIT [16]).
• Possible options: Freiversuch where available (LMU, RWTH on application, TU Berlin) [13] [14] [15]; exam review; a study group.
• Mistake to avoid: Postponing until you hit a time limit.

#You are facing the Drittversuch or last attempt

• Document to check first: Rules on the last attempt, oral supplementary exams and extra attempts.
• Question for the Prüfungsamt: "Is this my last regular attempt? Can I apply for an oral supplementary exam or an extra attempt?"
• Deadline: Registration and any application deadline (TH Köln: one month [20]).
• Possible options: RWTH oral exam on application [14]; TU Berlin fourth attempt after counseling [15]; Köln additional attempts [19].
• Mistake to avoid: Sitting the exam while sick instead of withdrawing properly.

#A compulsory module is finally failed

• Document to check first: The Bescheid and its legal-remedy instructions.
• Question for the Prüfungsamt: "Is the decision final? Is any hardship rule available? When does exmatriculation take effect?"
• Deadline: The objection deadline, often one month [14] [17] [18].
• Possible options: Widerspruch if you see procedural errors; FU Berlin hardship withdrawal [21]; KIT exceptional repeat [16]; a program where the module isn't compulsory.
• Mistake to avoid: Assuming you can never study in Germany again [4] [5] [6] [7].

#You're an international student changing program

• Document to check first: The new university's enrollment obstacles and your permit's expiry date.
• Question for the new university: "Do I need an Unbedenklichkeitsbescheinigung? Do my failed attempts count here?" [18] [23]
• Deadline: Application deadlines and your exmatriculation date.
• Possible options: A different subject or institution type, with a new residence permit for the new program [10].
• Mistake to avoid: Waiting for the Ausländerbehörde to act first [9].

#"I failed an exam — what now" checklist

• Read the notice and the legal-remedy instructions.
• Check which attempt this was in your Prüfungsordnung.
• Note the repeat and registration deadlines.
• Check for a Freiversuch, extra attempts or an oral supplementary exam.
• Review your exam (Klausureinsicht) if offered.
• Talk to the Prüfungsamt or Studienfachberatung.
• If this was your last attempt: get counseling, ask about hardship rules, note the Widerspruch deadline.
• Non-EU student: make a plan and contact the Ausländerbehörde in writing.
• Look after your health; see our guide on loneliness and mental health.

#FAQ

#How many times can I retake an exam at a German university?

It depends on your examination regulations; there is no national rule. In the 10 institutions we examined, the range was two attempts (KIT) to three (RWTH Aachen, Hamburg WiSo, Köln, TH Köln, FU Berlin) or four (TU Berlin, after counseling). TUM and LMU allow unlimited attempts at normal module exams, but within strict time limits. Köln and TH Köln add extra attempts on application. Orientation exams often allow only two.

#Is 4.0 a passing grade in Germany?

Yes, 4.0 (ausreichend) is usually the lowest pass, and 5.0 means failed. Exceptions exist: RWTH Aachen's computer science program requires every sub-assessment in a module to reach 4.0, FU Berlin passes multiple-choice exams at 50 % of the points, and ungraded coursework is simply passed or not passed. Several regulations exclude grades like 4.3 or 4.7.

#Does failing an exam affect my student visa?

Not by itself. Your permit can be extended as long as you can still finish within a reasonable time. It becomes an issue if your progress makes that doubtful, or after exmatriculation, and even then shortening the permit is a discretionary decision. A program change is possible with a new permit. Contact the Ausländerbehörde early and in writing.

#Can I study elsewhere after a final fail?

Often yes, but usually not the same program. Depending on the state, enrollment may be refused for the same program and sometimes for related ones; NRW, Bavaria, Hamburg and Hesse each have their own rules. Some universities require proof or a declaration. A different subject is often possible if the failed module isn't compulsory there.

#Can I retake a passed exam to improve my grade?

Usually not. LMU's computer science program allows it once, and TH Köln lets you use two of four additional attempts for improvement. RWTH Aachen instead lets bachelor's students who finish on time drop some grades, and FU Berlin BWL can turn up to two graded modules into ungraded ones.

#What is a Freiversuch?

A Freiversuch is a first attempt that doesn't count if you fail. It exists only where your regulations provide one: for example LMU computer science (within the standard period), RWTH Aachen (on application, up to three written exams in the first three semesters) and TU Berlin (first-semester exams). It usually doesn't cover the thesis.

#Sources

1. KMK, Ländergemeinsame Strukturvorgaben (as amended 04.02.2010) — https://www.kmk.org/fileadmin/Dateien/veroeffentlichungen_beschluesse/2003/2003_10_10-Laendergemeinsame-Strukturvorgaben.pdf
2. HRK/KMK, Diploma Supplement template (2015) — https://www.hrk.de/fileadmin/redaktion/hrk/02-Dokumente/02-03-Studium/02-03-01-Studium-Studienreform/Bologna_Dokumente/Diploma_Supplement_englisch_2015_aktualisiert.pdf
3. KMK, Vereinbarung über die Festsetzung der Gesamtnote bei ausländischen Hochschulzugangszeugnissen (2013) — https://www.kmk.org/fileadmin/Dateien/pdf/ZAB/Hochschulzugang_Beschluesse_der_KMK/GesNot05.pdf
4. Hochschulgesetz NRW (§§ 50, 51, 64) — https://recht.nrw.de/lrgv/gesetz/07052025-gesetz-ueber-die-hochschulen-des-landes-nordrhein-westfalen-hochschulgesetz-hg/
5. Hamburgisches Hochschulgesetz (§§ 42, 44, 65; consolidated copy, Universität Hamburg Faculty of Law) — https://www.jura.uni-hamburg.de/media/service/rechtsgrundlagen/a-allgemeines/a--i--hamburgisches-hochschulgesetz--hmbhg-.pdf
6. Bayerisches Hochschulinnovationsgesetz (Art. 84, 91, 94) — https://www.gesetze-bayern.de/Content/Document/BayHIG-84
7. Hessisches Hochschulgesetz (2021) — https://www.uni-giessen.de/de/mug/1/pdf/1_31_00_1_HHG2021_DruckJLU
8. § 16b AufenthG — https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/aufenthg_2004/__16b.html
9. § 7 AufenthG — https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/aufenthg_2004/__7.html
10. BMI, Anwendungshinweise zum Fachkräfteeinwanderungsgesetz (legal status 01.06.2024) — https://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/downloads/DE/veroeffentlichungen/themen/migration/anwendungshinweise-fachkraefteeinwanderungsgesetz.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=16
11. § 20 AufenthG — https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/aufenthg_2004/__20.html
12. TUM, APSO (as amended 2024) — https://www.edu.sot.tum.de/fileadmin/w00bed/edu/Documents/Studium/APSO/Lesb.F._APSO_vom_18.03.2011_mit_11._AES_vom_17.12.2024.pdf
13. LMU, PStO B.Sc. Informatik (2022) — https://cms-cdn.lmu.de/media/contenthub/amtliche-veroeffentlichungen/1568-16in-ba-nf30-2022-ps00.pdf
14. RWTH Aachen, Übergreifende Prüfungsordnung (as amended 2025) — https://www.rwth-aachen.de/global/show_document.asp?id=aaaaaaaaddqknak
15. TU Berlin, AllgStuPO (Amtliches Mitteilungsblatt 29/2024) — https://www.static.tu.berlin/fileadmin/www/10000000/Studiengaenge/StuPOs/AllgStuPO_deu.pdf
16. KIT, SPO B.Sc. Informatik (2022) — https://www.sle.kit.edu/downloads/AmtlicheBekanntmachungen/2022_AB_034.pdf
17. Universität Hamburg, PO WiSo B.Sc. (2024) — https://www.uni-hamburg.de/campuscenter/studienorganisation/ordnungen-satzungen/pruefungsordnungen/wirtschafts-und-sozialwissenschaften/20240508-po-wiso-bsc-82.pdf
18. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, B.Sc. Wirtschaftswissenschaften PO (2022) — https://www.uni-frankfurt.de/112161167/BA_Wirtschaftswissenschaften_2022_01_31.pdf
19. Universität zu Köln, WiSo Gemeinsame Prüfungsordnung (2025) — https://wiso.uni-koeln.de/sites/fakultaet/dokumente/PA/po/GPO_2025.pdf
20. TH Köln, Rahmenprüfungsordnungen (2023) — https://www.th-koeln.de/mam/downloads/deutsch/hochschule/amtlichemitteilungen/inkraftsetzungssatzung_rpoen_2023_final.pdf
21. FU Berlin, RSPO (2013) — https://www.fu-berlin.de/service/zuvdocs/amtsblatt/2013/ab322013.pdf ; SPO B.Sc. BWL (2017) — https://www.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/studium-lehre/pruefungsbuero/studien--und-pruefungsordnungen/BWLab112017.pdf
22. LMU, Immatrikulationshindernisse — https://www.lmu.de/de/workspace-fuer-studierende/1x1-des-studiums/immatrikulationshindernisse-und-versagungsgruende/index.html
23. FU Berlin WiWiss, Unbedenklichkeitsbescheinigung — https://www.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/studium-lehre/pruefungsbuero/Bescheinigungen/Unbedenklichkeitsbescheinigungen/

Regulations checked in September 2026 across 10 German universities; rules change — check the current version of your own regulation. General information, not legal advice.